Faculty of Arts School of Historical Studies

Citation style guide

School of Historical Studies Citation Syle: Footnotes and Endnotes

The School of Historical Studies' recommended referencing style is set out in The Chicago Manual of Style, fourteenth edition. Copies of this are available in the Baillieu Library as well as in the Jessie Webb Library. Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations, 6th ed., which is available in an inexpensive ($22.95) paperback edition, also follows Chicago 14A style. Copies may also be found in the Jessie Webb Library. (Reminder—lest you think we have given in completely to the dictates of American cultural imperialism: The Chicago Manual of Style should be used as a guide in matters of citation conventions. For the issues of usage, spelling, punctuation or grammar student should still refer to the Australian Government Style Manual.)

Many bibliographic programs, such as EndNote and ProCite, will build references for you and insert them into a paper in the format you choose. EndNote, the program recommended by the University of Melbourne, includes Chicago 14A among it.

Book

The first full, reference for a book should contain the following information: author: full name of author(s) or editor(s); title: full title of book, including subtitle if there is one; edition, if not the first edition; volume number of a multivolume work; publication data: city, publisher and date of publication; page number (s), if applicable.

Examples:

John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.
Volker R. Berghahn and Martin Kitchen, eds, Germany in the Age of Total War (London: Croom Helm, 1981).

Chapter in a Book

For such sources the following information is required: author: full name of author(s); title: full title of chapter; full name of editor(s); publication data: city, publisher and date of publication; page number(s), if applicable.

Example:

Omer Bartov, “Savage War,” in Confronting the Nazi Past. New Debates on Modern German History, ed. Michael Burleigh (London: Collins & Brown, 1996), 130.

Note that “in” precedes the title of the book. Do note use abbreviations p. and pp. for page numbers.

Journal Article

The first full reference to an article in a journal or periodical should include the following, in the order shown: author’s name; title of article; title of journal or article; volume or issue number (or both); year of publication; page number(s).

Example:

Shelley Baranowski, “East Elbian Landed Elites and Germany’s Turn to Fascism: The Sonderweg Controversy Revisited.” European History Quarterly 26 (1996): 209-240.

Newspapers

For most references to newspapers one only needs to cite the name of the paper, the date and page number(s). However, the citation should include the author’s name and the title of the article if these are given.

Examples:

Canberra Times, 30 July 1999, 3.
“Interest rates remain on hold,” The Age, 5 May 2005, 1.

Theses and Dissertations

The first, full reference to a thesis or dissertation includes the following items: author’s name; title; type of thesis: MA, PhD, etc.; academic institution; date; page(s), if applicable.

Example:

Megan Estelle Cassidy, “Thirteenth-century English Cistercian Monasteries: Monastic Spaces and their Meanings” (Ph.D., University of Melbourne, 1997), 122-24.

Note that the title is placed in quotation marks and is not italicised.

Unpublished material

The general rule is to cite the document first, followed by the name of the collection and any essential file number, and then the name and place of the archive.

Example:

Senate Committee on the Judiciary, “Lobbying,” file 234, RG 104, National Archives, Washington D.C.

Citing Electronic and Internet Information

If you use material from the Internet you must provide a full, first reference which contains the following information: author’s name (first name comes first); title of work of the list/site as appropriate; access path (Universal resource locator, URL); date created, if available; achieved at, if appropriate; date on which you accessed information.

Prototype: Author or Editor. Date. Title of work. Edition. Available [Type ofmedium]: Supplier/Database identifier or number/Item name or number [Access date].

Examples:

Graeme Davison, “On History and Hypertext,” Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History; available from http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/new.htm; [19 August 1997].
Crouse, Maurice. 25 October 2001. Citing electronic information in history papers. Available [Online]: <http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html> [25 October 2001].
Dissertation abstracts on disc [Bibliographic database]. 1861- [Years of coverage]. Available [CD-ROM]: UMI/Dissertation Abstracts Ondisk [11 November 1996].
German Foreign Office Memorandum, Hewel Berchtesgarden to State Secretary von Weizsacker, 29 June 1939, available from http://yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/062939/htm; archived at the Avalon Project, Yale University Law School 1997; [4 April 1998].

Subsequent references

Use ibid where appropriate, that is where the citation is to the same work as in the preceding footnote. In all other cases use the author’s surname plus a shortened version of the title.

Example:

First reference: Joachim C. Fest, Hitler (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 435.
Second reference: Ibid., 412

After the first, full reference in a footnote, subsequent references to a source are shortened. Use only the author’s last name and a shortened version of the title of the book or article. Do not use op. cit.

Example:

First reference: Geoffrey G. Field, Evangelist of Race. The Germanic Visionof Houston Stewart Chamberlain (New York: Colombia University Press, 1981), 234-36.
Second reference: Field, Evangelist of Race, 123.

Useful abbreviations for use in footnotes

ibid.
abbreviation of Ibidem, meaning “in the same place”; this can be used if a footnote refers to the immediately preceding book or article.
cf.
“compare”; this can be handy if you are wanting to point out to your reader that you are aware, for example, of a disagreement between historians on a particular point.
ed.
May be used for “editor” or “edition”
et. al
“and others”; if a work you are citing has three or more editors or authors, you can refer to the first of them by name, followed by et. al.
n. d.
is used if no date of publication is shown.
n. p.
can designate “no place”, if place of publication is not supplied. It can also stand for “no publisher”, if that information is missing.
passim
“here and there throughout”; this can be used if information on a particular point is scattered through a substantial section of a work, for example, Blainey, Tyranny of Distance, 75 – 84 passim.
sic
“so”, “thus”, “in this manner”; may be inserted in brackets following a word misspelled or wrongly used in the original. “Hitler glanced angrily [sic] at Chamberlain”.
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School of Historical Studies Citation Syle: Bibliography

Book

In your bibliographical entry the last name always comes first.

Examples:

Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Berghahn, Volker, R., and Martin Kitchen, (eds). Germany in the Age of Total War. London: Croom Helm, 1981.

Chapter in an edited book

The title of the chapter is placed in quotation marks. The word “In” precedes the book title.

Example:

Bartoc, Omer. “Savage War.” In Confronting the Nazi Past. New Debates on Modern German History, edited by Michael Burleigh, 125-139. London: Collins & Brown, 1996.

Journal article

Title of the article is placed in quotation marks. Title of the journal is italicised.

Example:

Baranowski, Shelley. “East Elbian Landed Elites and Germany’s Turn to Fascism: The Sonderweg Controversy Revisited.” European History Quarterly 26 (1996): 209-240.

Newspapers

Individual items from daily papers are seldom listed separately in a bibliography. Instead, the name of the paper and the run of dates used is given.

Example:

The Age, 1893-1900.

Theses and dissertations

Cassidy, Megan Estelle. “Thirteenth-century English Cistercian Monasteries: Monastic Spaces and their Meanings.” PhD, University of Melbourne, 1997.

Unpublished material

U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. “Lobbying.” File 234, RG 104. National Archives, Washington D.C.

Internet sites

The correct order when citing sources from the Internet is: author’s name; author’s internet address, if appropriate; title of work or title of list/site, as appropriate; internet address (URL); menu path, if appropriate; date, if available; archived at, if appropriate; date accessed.

Examples:

Becklehimer, Jeff. How Do You Cite URL's in a Bibliography? 24 April 2000. Available [Online]: [25 October 2001].
Davison, Graeme. “On History and Hypertext,” Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History; created 19 August 1997; available [Online] http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/new.htm; [15 July 1999].
German Foreign Office Memorandum, Hewel Berchtesgarden to State Secretary von Weizsacker, 29 June 1939, available [Online] http://yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/062939/htm; archived at the Avalon Project, Yale University Law School 1997; [4 April 1998].
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Sample Bibliography Page

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

The First World War, a documentary record. Series one, European War, 1914-1919, the War Reserve Collection (WRA-WRE) from Cambridge University Library [microform]. Calcot, Reading, Berkshire, England: Adam Matthew Publications, 1991.
Jünger, Ernst. The Storm of Steel: from the Diary of a German Stormtroop Officer on the Western Front. London: Chatto & Mindus 1929. Reprint, New York: H. Fertig, 1975.
Lissauer, Ernst, “The Hasslied.” Originally published 1914. Available from http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914/hasslied.html; archived at The World War I Document Archive; accessed 20 June 1999.

Secondary Sources

Bessel, Richard. “The Great War in German Memory: The Soldiers of the First World War, Demobilzation, and Weimar Political Culture.” German History 6 (1988): 20-34.
Eberle, Matthias. World War I and the Weimar Artists. Dix, Grosz, Beckmann, Schlemmer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Gilbert, Martin. First World War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994.
Gilbert, Martin. The Routledge Atlas of the First World War. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1994.
Hüppauf, Bernd, ed. Ansichten vom Krieg. Vergleichende Studien zum Ersten Weltkrieg in Literatur und Gesellschaft. Königstein/Ts: Verlag Anton Hain Meisnheim Gmbh, 1984.
Mosse, George L. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Nevin, Thomas. “Ernst Jünger: German Stormtrooper Chronicler.” In Facing Armageddon: the First World War Experienced, edited by Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle, 269-277. London: Leo Cooper, 1996.

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